Religion in Russia

Russia is home to many different religions. The major religions in Russia include: Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, and Judaism. The largest religion is Orthodox Christianity with over 100 million believers in Russia. The Russian Orthodox Church is a central part of the country’s history. Under Soviet communism, the Church was the target of legal and political discrimination. Religious traditions were illegal in Soviet Russia. Many believers had to practice their religions privately or risk punishment from the government. During this time, Jewish and Catholic groups were victims of discrimination because of their religious beliefs. These groups were known as Soviet “refuseniks” because they wanted to practice their religion and live in the country.

Today, Russia’s state constitution protects religious freedom and there are many churches, temples and mosques. Even smaller religious groups like Armenian Gregorian believers and Protestant sects are active in modern Russia. There are also smaller Russian Orthodox groups with influence throughout the country.

Orthodox Christianity

Orthodox Christianity is a central part of Russian culture and history. Nearly 70% of the Russian people are members of the Russian Orthodox Church. However, only 5% of these people consider themselves to be very observant. Before the Communist Revolution of 1917, there were over 55,000 Russian Orthodox churches and almost 30,000 chapels. There were also more than 100,000 priests and over 95,000 monks and nuns. After the revolution, the communists separated church and state. This policy reduced the power of the church. During the Russian Civil War, the Church also supported many forces on the losing side. The Church then became the target of criticism by the new government. Communist officials attacked the Church as the tool of capitalist forces and an enemy of the government.

Orthodox Christianity During World War II

The Church enjoyed better relations during World War II. During the battle of Stalingrad, communist officials made a truce with the Church. This truce was part of the government’s attempt to unite the Russian people against the forces of Adolf Hitler and Nazi Germany. Religion became a key part of the culture again and had the political support of Josef Stalin. After the war, communist officials continued their opposition to the Church. Some groups had more freedom than during the Communist Revolution, but tensions were still high.

Religious Freedom in Modern Russia

Religion in Russia is much more active than during the Cold War. Today, there is an increase in the observance on religious holidays and traditions. Jewish and Catholic groups are expanding, and Protestant churches have new members. Vladimir Putin, the former president of Russia, has also talked about his own religious beliefs. This change is a major contrast from life under communism. Once again, religion is alive and well in Russia.